The CLR type system supports both virtual and non-virtual instance methods. And IL can contain both CALLVIRT and CALL instructions. So it makes sense that IL generators would call virtual methods using CALLVIRT and call non-virtual instance methods...

Managed strings are subject to ‘interning’. This is the process where the system notices that the same string is used in several places, so it can fold all the references to the same unique instance. Interning happens two ways in the CLR. ...

It’s not possible to state exactly when a managed object will be collected. The garbage collector schedules itself based on various heuristics. Even if a garbage collection occurs, it may only collect the younger generations of the heap. And the JIT...

What’s the difference between WaitHandle.WaitOne/WaitAny/WaitAll and just PInvoke’ing to WaitForSingleObject or WaitForMultipleObjects directly? Plenty. There are several reasons why we prefer you to use managed blocking through WaitHandle or ...

Developers who are accustomed to the IDisposable pattern or to C#’s ‘using’ syntax sometimes ask why COM Interop doesn’t support IDisposable on every Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW). That way, managed code could indicate that it is finished using the...

Every so often, someone tries to navigate from a managed System.Threading.Thread object to the corresponding ThreadId used by the operating system. System.Diagnostic.ProcessThread exposes the Windows notion of threads. In other words, the OS threads...

A common question is how to initialize code before it is called. In the unmanaged world, this is done with a DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH notification to your DllMain routine. Managed C++ can actually use this same technique. However, it has all the usual...

There are two kinds of threads executing inside managed code: the ones we start in managed code and the ones that wander into the CLR. The ones that started in managed code include all calls to Thread.Start(), the managed threadpool threads, and...

Developers often wonder why they are forced to derive from MarshalByRefObject or EnterpriseServices.ServicedComponent. It would be so much more convenient if they could add a CustomAttribute to their class or use a marker interface to declare that...

All managed objects other than those derived from ServicedComponent, when exposed to COM, behave as if they have aggregated the free threaded marshaler (FTM). In other words, they can be called on any thread without any cross-apartment marshaling...

Objects that derive from MarshalByRefObject will marshal by reference rather than value. Metaobjects like Assembly, Type and MethodInfo do not derive from MarshalByRefObject. This is because we don’t want Type to be marshal by ref, which implies...

There’s a subtle but important difference between protected access in unmanaged C++ and protected access (i.e. family) in the CLR. The difference is due to the CLR’s ability to build security guarantees on top of type safety. Imagine you had a...

One way you get this exception is if unmanaged code does an OS RaiseException() or causes a fault. If that exception is propagated up the stack to managed code, we will try to map it to a managed exception. For example, STATUS_NO_MEMORY maps to OutOfMemoryException...

We don't expose the managed size of objects because we want to reserve the ability to change the way we lay these things out. For example, on some systems we might align and pack differently. For this to happen, you need to specify tdAutoLayout for...

People often ask how they can expose traditional DLL exports from managed assemblies. Managed C++ makes it very easy to export functions. And you could use tricks like ILDASM / ILASM to inject DLL exports into managed assemblies built with other...

If the operating system schedules multiple threads against a hyper-threaded CPU, the CLR automatically takes advantage of this. This is certainly the case for new versions of the OS like Windows Server 2003. Also, the CLR did work to properly...

It is not generally possible to turn off garbage collection. However, the garbage collector won’t run unless “provoked.” Garbage collection is triggered by: 1) Allocation 2) Explicit calls by the application to System.GC.Collect 3) Explicit...

#define BOOTUP_EXCEPTION_COMPLUS 0xC0020001 You may see an exception with this code, or an HRESULT of this value, when trying to call into managed code. This can happen if you call in before the runtime has finished initializing, or after the ...

By default, static fields are scoped to AppDomains. In other words, each AppDomain gets its own copy of all the static fields for the types that are loaded into that AppDomain. This is independent of whether the code was loaded as domain-neutral or...