I was recently working with a customer where an automated build process was not possible.  Thus, we couldn’t use the steps found in Publish Symbol Data.  After a few hours of research, here’s what we did:

1. Install the Debugging Tools for Windows.  This is needed because we’ll be using SymStore.exe.
2. Create a network share for the symbol store.  Make sure the account you use to do the build has write permissions.
3. Add a Post-build event with a command line like this:

"%ProgramW6432%\Debugging Tools for Windows (x64)\symstore.exe" add /r /f  "$(TargetDir)*.pdb" /s  \\server\symbols /t $(ProjectName)

Pretty easy.  SymStore.exe has several command line parameters.  So there are many more options to choose from to suit your needs.