The "Windows System Programming"(3E) has a great appendix about Windows, Unix, C Library API comparison. It's obvious that this appendix lacks of many APIs in Memory, DLL and Security related areas, but it is still very helpful for referencing when doing system programming on windows platform.

　　Original content can be found here: http://my.safaribooksonline.com/0321256190/app02

1. I/O

1. 1 File & Directory

Subject	Windows	UNIX	C Library	Comments
Console I/O	AllocConsole	terminal I/O	N/A
Console I/O	FreeConsole	terminal I/O	N/A
Console I/O	ReadConsole	read	getc, scanf, gets
Console I/O	SetConsoleMode	ioctl	N/A
Console I/O	WriteConsole	write	putc, printf, puts
Directory Mgt	CreateDirectory	mkdir*	N/A	Make a new directory
Directory Mgt	FindClose	closedir*	N/A	Close a directory search handle
Directory Mgt	FindFirstFile	opendir*, readdir*	N/A	Find first file matching a pattern
Directory Mgt	FindNextFile	readdir*	N/A	Find subsequent files
Directory Mgt	GetCurrentDirectory	getcwd*	N/A
Directory Mgt	GetFullPathName	N/A	N/A
Directory Mgt	GetSystemDirectory	Well-known pathnames	N/A
Directory Mgt	RemoveDirectory	rmdir, unlink*	remove
Directory Mgt	SearchPath	Use opendir, readdir	N/A	Search for a file on a specified path
Directory Mgt	SetCurrentDirectory	chdir*, fchdir	N/A	Change the working directory
Error Handling	FormatMessage	strerror	perror
Error Handling	GetLastError	errno	errno	Global variable
Error Handling	SetLastError	errno	errno	Global variable
File Locking	LockFile	fcntl (cmd=F_GETLK, ..)	N/A
File Locking	LockFileEx	fcntl (cmd=F_GETLK, ..)	N/A
File Locking	UnlockFile	fcntl (cmd=F_GETLK, ..)	N/A
File Locking	UnlockFileEx	fcntl (cmd=F_GETLK, ..)	N/A
File System	CloseHandle (file handle)	close*	fclose	CloseHandle is not limited to files
File System	CopyFile	open; read; write; close	fopen; fread; fwrite; fclose	Duplicate a file
File System	CreateFile	open*, creat*	fopen	Open/create a file
File System	DeleteFile	unlink*	remove	Delete a file
File System	FlushFileBuffers	fsynch	fflush	Write file buffers
File System	GetFileAttributes	stat*, fstat*, lstat	N/A
File System	GetFileInformationByHandle	stat*, fstat*, lstat	N/A	Fill structure with file info
File System	GetFileSize	stat*, fstat*, lstat	ftell, fseek	Get length of file in bytes
File System	GetFileTime	stat*, fstat*, lstat	N/A
File System	GetFileType	stat*, fstat*, lstat	N/A	Check for character stream device or file
File System	GetStdHandle	Use file desc 0, 1, or 2	Use stdin, stdout, stderr
File System	GetTempFileName	Use C library	tmpnam	Create a unique file name
File System	GetTempFileName, CreateFile	Use C library	tmpfile	Create a temporary file
File System	GetTempPath	/temp path	N/A	Directory for temp files
File System	MoveFile, MoveFileEx	Use C library	rename	Rename a file or directory
File System	CreateHardLink	link, unlink*	N/A	Windows does not support links
File System	N/A	symlink	N/A	Create a symbolic link
File System	N/A	readlink	N/A	Read name in a symbolic link
File System	N/A, ReadFile returns 0 bytes	N/A, read returns 0 bytes	feof	Rest for end of file
File System	N/A, use multiple ReadFiles	readv	N/A, use multiple freads	Scatter read
File System	N/A, use multiple WriteFiles	writev	N/A, use multiple fwrites	Gather write
File System	ReadFile	read	fread	Read data from a file
File System	SetEndOfFile	chsize*	N/A
File System	SetFileAttributes	fcntl	N/A
File System	SetFilePointer	lseek	fseek	Set file pointer
FileSystem	SetFilePointer (to 0)	lseek (0)	rewind
File System	SetFileTime	utime*	N/A
File System	SetStdHandle	close, dup*, dup2*, or fcntl	freopen	dup2 or fcntl
File System	WriteFile	write	fwrite	Write data to a file

1.2 Async I/O

Subject	Windows	UNIX	C Library	Comments
Asynch I/O	GetOverlappedResult	N/A	N/A
Asynch I/O	ReadFileEx	N/A	N/A	Extended I/O with completion routine
Asynch I/O	SleepEx	N/A	N/A	Alertable wait
Asynch I/O	WaitForMultipleObjects (file handles)	poll, select	N/A
Asynch I/O	WaitForMultipleObjectsEx	N/A	N/A	Alertable wait
Asynch I/O	WriteFileEx	N/A	N/A	Extended I/O with completion routine
Asynch I/O	WaitForSingleObjectEx	waitpid	N/A	Alertable wait

2. Memory & DLL

Subject	Windows	UNIX	C Library
Mapped Files	CreateFileMapping	shmget	N/A
Mapped Files	MapViewOfFile	mmap, shmat	N/A
Mapped Files	MapViewOfFileEx	mmap, shmat	N/A
Mapped Files	OpenFileMapping	shmget	N/A
Mapped Files	UnmapViewOfFile	munmap, shmdt, shmctl	N/A
Memory Mgt	GetProcessHeap	N/A	N/A
Memory Mgt	GetSystemInfo	N/A	N/A
Memory Mgt	HeapAlloc	sbrk, brk, or C library	malloc, calloc
Memory Mgt	HeapCreate	N/A	N/A
Memory Mgt	HeapDestroy	N/A	N/A
Memory Mgt	HeapFree	Use C library	free
Memory Mgt	HeapReAlloc	Use C library	realloc
Memory Mgt	HeapSize	N/A	N/A
Shared Memory	CloseHandle (map handle)	shmctl	N/A
Shared Memory	CreateFileMapping, OpenFileMapping	shmget	N/A
Shared Memory	MapViewOfFile	shmat	N/A
Shared Memory	UnmapViewOfFile	shmdt	N/A
DLLs	LoadLibrary	dlopen	N/A
DLLs	FreeLibrary	dlclose	N/A
DLLs	GetProcAddress	dlsyn	N/A
DLLs	DllMain	pthread_once	N/A

3. Process & Thread

3.1 Process

Subject	Windows	UNIX	C Library	Comments
Process Mgt	CreateProcess	fork (); execl ()*, system()	N/A	There are 6 execxx functions
Process Mgt	ExitProcess	_exit	exit
Process Mgt	GetCommandLine	argv []	argv []
Process Mgt	GetCurrentProcess	getpid*	N/A
Process Mgt	GetCurrentProcessId	getpid*	N/A
Process Mgt	GetEnvironmentStrings	N/A	getenv
Process Mgt	GetEnvironmentVariable	N/A	getenv
Process Mgt	GetExitCodeProcess	wait, waitpid	N/A
Process Mgt	GetProcessTimes	times, wait3, wait4	N/A
Process Mgt	GetProcessWorkingSetSize	wait3, wait4	N/A
Process Mgt	N/A	execl*, execv*, execle*, execve*, execlp*, execvp*	N/A	Windows does not have a direct equivalent
Process Mgt	N/A	fork, vfork	N/A	Windows does not have a direct equivalent
Process Mgt	N/A	getppid	N/A	No parent/child relationships in Windows
Process Mgt	N/A	getgid, getegid	N/A	No process groups in Windows
Process Mgt	N/A	getpgrp	N/A
Process Mgt	N/A	setpgid	N/A
Process Mgt	N/A	setsid	N/A
Process Mgt	N/A	tcgetpgrp	N/A
Process Mgt	N/A	tcsetpgrp	N/A
Process Mgt	OpenProcess	N/A	N/A
Process Mgt	SetEnvironmentVariable	putenv	N/A	putenv is not part of the Standard C library
Process Mgt	TerminateProcess	kill	N/A
Synch: Process	WaitForMultipleObjects (process handles)	waitpid	N/A
Synch: Process	WaitForSingleObject (process handle)	wait, waitpid	N/A
Timers	KillTimer	alarm (0)	N/A
Timers	SetTimer	alarm	N/A
Timers	Sleep	sleep	N/A
Timers	Sleep	poll or select, no file descriptor	N/A

3.2 Thread

Subject	Windows	UNIX/Pthreads	Comments
Thread Mgt	CreateRemoteThread	N/A
TLS	TlsAlloc	pthread_key_alloc
TLS	TlsFree	pthread_key_delete
TLS	TlsGetValue	pthread_getspecific
TLS	TlsSetValue	pthread_setspecific
Thread Mgt	CreateThread, _beginthreadex	pthread_create
Thread Mgt	ExitThread, _endthreadex	pthread_exit
Thread Mgt	GetCurrentThread	pthread_self
Thread Mgt	GetCurrentThreadId	N/A
Thread Mgt	GetExitCodeThread	pthread_yield
Thread Mgt	ResumeThread	N/A
Thread Mgt	SuspendThread	N/A
Thread Mgt	TerminateThread	pthread_cancel	pthread_cancel is safer
Thread Mgt	WaitForSingleObject(thread handle)	pthread_join
Thread Priority	GetPriorityClass	pthread_attr_getschedpolicy, getpriority
Thread Priority	GetThreadPriority	pthread_attr_getschedparam
Thread Priority	SetPriorityClass	pthread_attr_setschedpolicy, setpriority, nice
Thread Priority	SetThreadPriority	pthread_attr_setschedparam
Note: Pthreads, while a part of all modern UNIX offerings, are available on non-UNIX systems as well.

3.3 Synchronization

Subject	Windows	UNIX/Pthreads	Comments
Synch: CritSec	DeleteCriticalSection	Use mutexes to emulate critical sections. Some systems provide proprietary equivalents.	C library is not applicable
Synch: CritSec	EnterCriticalSection		C library is not applicable
Synch: CritSec	InitializeCriticalSection
Synch: CritSec	LeaveCriticalSection
Synch: Event	CloseHandle (event handle)	pthread_cond_destroy
Synch: Event	CreateEvent	pthread_cond_init
Synch: Event	PulseEvent	pthread_cond_signal	Manual-reset event
Synch: Event	ResetEvent	N/A
Synch: Event	SetEvent	pthread_cond_broadcast	Auto-reset event
Synch: Event	WaitForSingleObject (event handle)	pthread_cond_wait
Synch: Event	WaitForSingleObject (event handle)	pthread_timed_wait
Synch: Mutex	CloseHandle (mutex handle)	pthread_mutex_destroy
Synch: Mutex	CreateMutex	pthread_mutex_init
Synch: Mutex	ReleaseMutex	pthread_mutex_unlock
Synch: Mutex	WaitForSingleObject (mutex handle)	pthread_mutex_lock
Synch: Sem	CreateSemaphore	semget
Synch: Sem	N/A	semctl	Windows does not directly support all these options
Synch: Sem	OpenSemaphore	semget
Synch: Sem	ReleaseSemaphore	semop (+)
Synch: Sem	WaitForSingleObject (semaphore handle)	semop (-)	Windows can wait for only one count

3.4 IPC

Subject	Windows	UNIX	C Library	Comments
IPC	CallNamedPipe	N/A	N/A	CreateFile, WriteFile, ReadFile, CloseHandle
IPC	CloseHandle (pipe handle)	close, msgctl	pclose	Not part of the Standard C library—see Stevens
IPC	ConnectNamedPipe	N/A	N/A
IPC	CreateMailslot	N/A	N/A
IPC	CreateNamedPipe	mkfifo, msgget	N/A
IPC	CreatePipe	pipe	popen	Not part of the Standard C library—see Stevens
IPC	DuplicateHandle	dup, dup2, or fcntl	N/A	Or use file names CONIN$, CONOUT$
IPC	GetNamedPipeHandleState	stat, fstat, lstat64	N/A
IPC	GetNamedPipeInfo	stat, fstat, lstat	N/A
IPC	ImpersonateNamedPipeClient	N/A	N/A
IPC	PeekNamedPipe	N/A	N/A
IPC	ReadFile (named pipe handle)	read (fifo), msgsnd	N/A
IPC	RevertToSelf	N/A	N/A
IPC	SetNamedPipeHandleState	N/A	N/A
IPC	TransactNamedPipe	N/A	N/A	WriteFile; ReadFile
IPC	WriteFile (named pipe handle)	write (fifo), msgrcv	N/A
Misc.	GetComputerName	uname	N/A
Misc.	SetComputerName	N/A	N/A
Security	SetNamedPipeIdentity	Use directory sticky bit	N/A

4. Misc

4.1 Security

Subject	Windows	UNIX	Comments
Security	AddAccessAllowedAce	chmod, fchmod	C library does not support security
Security	AddAccessDeniedAce	chmod, fchmod
Security	AddAuditAce	N/A
Security	CreatePrivateObjectSecurity	N/A
Security	DeleteAce	chmod, fchmod
Security	DestroyPrivateObjectSecurity	N/A
Security	GetAce	stat*, fstat*, lstat
Security	GetAclInformation	stat*, fstat*, lstat
Security	GetFileSecurity	stat*, fstat*, lstat
Security	GetPrivateObjectSecurity	N/A
Security	GetSecurityDescriptorDacl	stat*, fstat*, lstat
Security	GetUserName	getlogin
Security	InitializeAcl	N/A
Security	InitializeSecurityDescriptor	Umask
Security	LookupAccountName	getpwnam, getgrnam
Security	LookupAccountSid	getpwuid, getuid, geteuid
Security	N/A	getpwend, setpwent, endpwent
Security	N/A	getgrent, setgrent, endgrent
Security	N/A	Setuid, seteuid, setreuid
Security	N/A	Setgid, setegid, setregid
Security	OpenProcessToken	getgroups, setgroups, initgroups
Security	SetFileSecurity	chmod*, fchmod
Security	SetPrivateObjectSecurity	N/A
Security	SetSecurityDescriptorDacl	Umask
Security	SetSecurityDescriptorGroup	chown, fchown, lchown
Security	SetSecurityDescriptorOwner	chown, fchown, lchown
Security	SetSecurityDescriptorSacl	N/A

4.2 Exception Handling

Subject	Windows	UNIX	C Library
SEH	_try – _except	Use C library signals	Use C library signals
SEH	_try – _finally	Use C library signals	Use C library signals
SEH	AbnormalTermination	Use C library signals	Use C library signals
SEH	GetExceptionCode	Use C library signals	Use C library signals
SEH	RaiseException	Use C library signals	signal, raise
Signals	Use _finally block	Use C library	atexit
Signals	Use C library or terminate process	kill	raise
Signals	Use C library	Use C library	signal
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	sigemptyset	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	sigfillset	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	sigaddset	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	sigdelset	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	sigismember	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	sigprocmask	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	sigpending	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	sigaction	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	sigsetjmp	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	siglongjmp	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	sigsuspendf	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH	psignal	N/A
Signals	Use SEH, VEH, or C library	Use C library	abort
Note: Many UNIX vendors provide proprietary exception handling capabilities.

4.3 System Information & Time

Subject	Windows	UNIX	C Library	Comments
System Info	GetDiskFreeSpace	N/A	N/A
System Info	GetSystemInfo	getrusage	N/A
System Info	GetVersion	uname	N/A
System Info	GetVolumeInformation	N/A	N/A
System Info	GlobalMemoryStatus	getrlimit	N/A
System Info	Various defined constants	sysconf, pathconf, fpathconf	N/A
Time	GetSystemTime	Use C library	time, gmtime
Time	See ls program,	Use C library	asctime
Time	CompareFileTime	Use C library	difftime	Compare "calendar" times
Time	FileTimeToLocalFileTime, FileTimeToSystemTime	Use C library	localtime
Time	FileTimeToSystemTime	Use C library	gmtime
Time	GetLocalTime	Use C library	time, localtime
Time	See touch program,	Use C library	strftime
Time	SetLocalTime	N/A	N/A
Time	SetSystemTime	N/A	N/A
Time	Subtract file times	Use C library	difftime
Time	SystemTimeToFileTime	Use C library	mktime