Kathy Kam

2. Format String

There are actually two different ways of formatting a DateTime object. Both methods produce the same results:

My examples will use the DateTime.ToString() method.

If you have read any DateTime format string documentation, you will know that the .NET platform has two different styles of DateTime format string:

2-a. Standard Format String

This is basically built in short hand for custom format string. You pass in the one character string to denote which custom format you want.

i.e.
now.ToString("d");  // "09/27/2006"
now.ToString("D");  // "Tuesday, 27 September 2006"
now.ToString("G");  // "09/27/2006 14:15:39"

All of the format string syntax I discussed in ".NET Format String 101" is invalid here. Also, if you call now.ToString(), it is basically calling now.ToString("G");

I have included my own table mapping Standard Format String to Custom Format string in part 2-c below. MSDN actually has a pretty good table that describe what each item does, and DateTime.ToString() has a pretty good code example that shows what each format string specifier do. Also if you just want samples, MSDN has a "Standard Date Time Format String Output example" here. Because documentation is so good. I won't go into this too much. :)

2-b. Custom Format String

Custom format string gives you the flexibility to build your own formatting. When using a single character format string specifier, you will need to prepend it with a "%", otherwise it will be interpreted as a Standard Format String. Here are the basics for building your own string:

DateTime now = new DateTime(2006, 9, 07, 15, 06, 01, 08, DateTimeKind.Local);

now.ToString();      //"09/27/2006 15:06:01"

Year

now.ToString("%y");   //"6"

now.ToString("yy");   //"06"

now.ToString("yyy");  //"2006"

now.ToString("yyyy"); //"2006"

Month

now.ToString("%M");    //"9"

now.ToString("MM");    //"09"

now.ToString("MMM");   //"Sep"

now.ToString("MMMM");  //"September"

Day

now.ToString("%d");    //"7"

now.ToString("dd");    //"07"

now.ToString("ddd");   //"Thu"

now.ToString("dddd");  //"Thursday"

Hour

now.ToString("%h");    //"3"

now.ToString("hh");    //"03"

now.ToString("hhh");   //"03"

now.ToString("hhhh");  //"03"

now.ToString("%H");    //"15"

now.ToString("HH");    //"15"

now.ToString("HHH");   //"15"

now.ToString("HHHH");  //"15"

Minutes

now.ToString("%m");    //"3"

now.ToString("mm");    //"03"

now.ToString("mmm");   //"03"

now.ToString("mmmm");  //"03"

Seconds

now.ToString("%s");    //"1"

now.ToString("ss");    //"01"

now.ToString("sss");   //"01"

now.ToString("ssss");  //"01"

Milliseconds

now.ToString("%f");    //"0"

now.ToString("ff");    //"00"

now.ToString("fff");   //"008"

now.ToString("ffff");  //"0080"

now.ToString("%F");    //""

now.ToString("FF");    //""

now.ToString("FFF");   //"008"

now.ToString("FFFF");  //"008"

Kind

now.ToString("%K");    //"-07:00"

now.ToString("KK");    //"-07:00-07:00"

now.ToString("KKK");   //"-07:00-07:00-07:00"

now.ToString("KKKK");  //"-07:00-07:00-07:00-07:00"

// Note: The multiple K were just read as multiple instances of the

// single K

DateTime unspecified = new DateTime(now.Ticks, DateTimeKind.Unspecified);

unspecified.ToString("%K");   //""

DateTime utc = new DateTime(now.Ticks, DateTimeKind.Utc);

utc.ToString("%K");           //"Z"

TimeZone

now.ToString("%z");     //"-7"

now.ToString("zz");     //"-07"

now.ToString("zzz");    //"-07:00"

now.ToString("zzzz");   //"-07:00"

Other

now.ToString("%g");    //"A.D."

now.ToString("gg");    //"A.D."

now.ToString("ggg");   //"A.D."

now.ToString("gggg");  //"A.D."

now.ToString("%t");    //"P"

now.ToString("tt");    //"PM"

now.ToString("ttt");   //"PM"

now.ToString("tttt");  //"PM" 

2-c. Additional Resources

Now that you understand what Standard and Custom format strings are, here is a table of Standard Format String to Custom Format String mapping:

Year Month Day Patterns:
d      = "MM/dd/yyyy"
D      = "dddd, dd MMMM yyyy"
M or m = "MMMM dd"
Y or y = "yyyy MMMM"

Time Patterns:
t      = "HH:mm"
T      = "HH:mm:ss"

Year Month Day and Time without Time Zones:
f      = "dddd, dd MMMM yyyy HH:mm"
F      = "dddd, dd MMMM yyyy HH:mm:ss"
g      = "MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm"
G      = "MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm:ss"

Year Month Day and Time with Time Zones:
o      = "yyyy'-'MM'-'dd'T'HH':'mm':'ss.fffffffK"
R or r = "ddd, dd MMM yyyy HH':'mm':'ss 'GMT'"
s      = "yyyy'-'MM'-'dd'T'HH':'mm':'ss"
u      = "yyyy'-'MM'-'dd HH':'mm':'ss'Z'"
U      = "dddd, dd MMMM yyyy HH:mm:ss"

All other single characters will throw an exception.

Answering the question...

So finally, to answer the question that began this whole discussion. "What exactly would "zz" do?"  i.e. What would "now.ToString("zz")" return?

Because there are 2 characters, it will be interpreted as a custom format string. "zz" stands for the signed time zone offset with a leading zero for single digit offsets. For me, being in Pacific Standard Time, my return value would be "-07". 

<Editorial Comment>
My most popular post was ".NET Format String 101". The topic I have posted the most about is DateTime, Time Zone and so forth. It only seem fitting that I write a post about Format Strings in DateTime. I hope readers enjoy this post as much as my previous Format String post. :) I know MSDN actually covers this better than normal Format String, so I am not sure whether this is as valuable. What do you think? Are there any more "hot topics" that you are just dying for someone to explain?

Also, here are the MSDN resources:
- DateTime.ToString
- Standard DateTime Format Strings 
- Standard Date Time Format String Output
- Custom DateTime Format Strings 
- Custom DateTime Format Strings Output Examples

</Editorial Comment>